Annals of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism

Reviews

Mental health and micronutrients: a narrative review: Hyun Wook Baik; Ann Clin Nutr Metab 2024;16(3):112-119. Published online December 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/ACNM.2024.16.3.112

Abstract PDF: Purpose: It aims to summarizes the evidence for the association between specific individual nutrients and mental disorders, focusing on vitamin B12 and related B vitamins, vitamin D, probiotics, and zinc.
Current concept: Vitamin D deficiency is linked to depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Vitamin D enhances serotonin synthesis, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and circadian rhythms. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes neurological dysfunction, mood disorders, cognitive decline, and psychotic symptoms, especially in the elderly. Vitamin B12 is involved in myelin formation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and preventing homocysteine-related neurodegeneration. Zinc deficiency affects neurotransmitters, neurogenesis, and antioxidant function, contributing to depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Zinc supplementation improves symptoms and increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. The gut-brain axis involves bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system via the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, immune system, and neuroendocrine pathways. Probiotics can modulate the gut microbiome to improve depression, anxiety, stress response, and cognitive function by influencing neurotransmitter production, reducing inflammation, and supporting the gut-brain connection.
Conclusion: Nutritional interventions, including vitamin D, B12, zinc, and probiotics, show promise as adjunctive therapies or preventive strategies for mental disorders. These nutrients have specific mechanisms of action on brain function and the gut-brain axis. Further research is needed to establish optimal dosage, timing, and administration methods for these nutritional approaches in supporting mental health.

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Recent advances in refeeding syndrome in critically ill patients: a narrative review: Sang Woo Ha, Suk-Kyung Hong; Ann Clin Nutr Metab 2024;16(1):3-9. Published online April 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/ACNM.2024.16.1.3

Abstract PDF: Purpose: The aim of this article is to provide a narrative review of the most recent studies on refeeding syndrome (RS) in critically ill patients and to summarize recent advancements that can be referenced in the treatment of these patients.
Current concept: RS in critically ill patients is a potentially lethal nutrition-related condition leading to sudden death. Initiation of food intake after a period of fasting can trigger rapid electrolyte uptake due to increased insulin release, leading to a decline in serum electrolytes with thiamine. This depletion may cause severe complications, such as cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory failure, seizures, and even death. The incidence of RS varies significantly, ranging from 7.4%–89%. Despite updates in diagnostic criteria over time, there remains a crucial need for criteria applicable to critically ill patients with underlying disorders such as metabolic derangement and organ dysfunction. To prevent RS, it is strongly recommended to start food intake after a fast at 20%–25% of estimated goals, gradually increasing the intake over several days. Close monitoring and electrolyte supplementation—especially of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and thiamine—are crucial, especially in critically ill patients. If electrolyte imbalances persist, slowing down or halting the progression of nutrition should be considered.
Conclusion: Clinicians should continue their efforts to promptly identify high-risk patients and to provide prevention and treatment for RS, particularly during the initiation of nutritional therapy in critically ill patients. Developing evidence-based protocols through further well-designed research is essential for effectively managing critically ill patients at risk of RS.

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Perioperative nutrition support: a narrative review: Rajeev Joshi, Asma Khalife; Ann Clin Nutr Metab 2023;15(2):40-45. Published online August 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/ACNM.2023.15.2.40

Abstract PDF: Purpose: Proper nutrition and supplementation are paramount in surgical patients. Suboptimal nutrition status is increasingly recognized as an independent predictor of poor surgical outcomes. The purpose of this review is to highlight the need for nutritional protocols, with an emphasis on perioperative nutrition.
Current concept: Perioperative nutrition support is considered an adjunctive strategy in most centers, although it is proven to be the key in improving surgical outcomes. There is a need to increase the standards and formulate policies and protocols to optimize perioperative nutrition support. Components of perioperative nutrition include nutritional screening and assessment, prehabilitation, preoperative metabolic optimization and carbohydrate loading, postoperative early enteral feeding and perioperative parenteral nutrition, immunonutrition and micronutrients, and oral nutritional supplementation vs. hospital-based kitchen feeds. Supplemental parenteral nutrition becomes valuable when enteral nutrition alone cannot fulfil energy needs. In patients in the surgical intensive care unit who are dealing with hemodynamic instability, high levels of serum lactate unrelated to thiamine deficiency, acidosis, significant liver dysfunction, high blood sugar, and high blood lipid levels, parenteral nutrition must be started with caution. In the post-surgery care ward, it is advisable to administer up to 30 kcal/kg/day and 1.2–2 g/kg/day of protein.
Conclusion: The positive impact of comprehensive nutritional support and the importance of setting and executing standards must be highlighted. Emphasis should be placed on overcoming existing challenges in implementing nutrition therapy in current surgical practice, as better perioperative nutrition supports better surgical outcomes.

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Selenium deficiency and supplementation in infants: a narrative review: Ji Young Lee, Min Jung Kang, Hyun Jeong Kim, Sung Yun Suh, Yoon Sook Cho, Sook Hee An; Ann Clin Nutr Metab 2023;15(1):8-14. Published online April 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/ACNM.2023.15.1.8

Abstract PDF: Purpose: This review aims to provide an overview of the factors and clinical outcomes associated with selenium deficiency and the guidelines on the optimal selenium supplementation in infants.
Current concept: Selenium is a cofactor required to maintain the activity of glutathione peroxidase and is an essential trace element in the human body. Selenium is involved in many stages of oxidative injury within the human body. In severe cases, selenium deficiency may lead to cardiomyopathy. Particularly in infants, the risk factors for selenium deficiency are preterm birth and long-term parenteral nutrition. Several studies have been conducted on the relationship between selenium deficiency and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and sepsis, all of which are common diseases in preterm infants. In the past, 2–3 mcg/kg/day of intravenous selenium supplementation was recommended in preterm infants with selenium deficiency. However, recent studies have suggested that only 2–3 mcg/kg/day can prevent further decreases of selenium level in the blood of preterm infants, and that higher supplementation of 1.5–4.5 mcg/kg/day or 7 mcg/kg/day is necessary to reach the level of healthy infants at term. The recommended dose of selenium through enteral nutrition for preterm infants is 1.3–4.5 mcg/kg/day or 5–10 mcg/kg/day, depending on the guideline.
Conclusion: Adequate selenium administration is required for adequate nutritional support in infants to prevent selenium deficiency, and more studies should be conducted to establish dosing guidelines considering risk factors in preterm infants.

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