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- ORIGINAL ARTICLE Postoperative Weight Changes, Nutritional Status and Clinical Significance of Colorectal Cancer Patients
- Sun Young Kim, A.D, Ji Sun Kim, M.D, Eon Chul Han, M.D.
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Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition 2019;10(2):46-53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18858/smn.2019.10.2.46
Published online: December 30, 2019
Department of Surgery, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
Department of Surgery, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
- Correspondence to: Eon Chul Han, Department of Surgery, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 40 Jwadong-gil, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46033, Korea Tel: +82-51-720-5034, Fax: +82-51-720-5914, E-mail: eonchulhan@gmail.com
• Received: July 26, 2019 • Accepted: September 17, 2019The results of this study were presented by poster at the Korean Society of Coloproctology 2018, Kwangju, Republic of Korea held from 30th march to 1st April 2018.
Copyright: © The Korean Society of Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract
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Purpose: Although weight loss is an important factor for assessing the nutritional status, patient counselling or management is limited due to fewer studies on weight loss after colorectal cancer surgery.
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Materials and Methods: Totally, 374 patients were included in the analysis (between August 2010 to December 2016). Patients’ weight was determined before surgery, and at 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. Change in weight was reviewed based on the gender and administration of chemotherapy. Severe weight loss is defined as greater than 5% weight loss after surgery.
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Results: The weight changes post-surgery at 1 week (−2.56±2.62 vs. −3.36±2.68, P<0.005), 6 weeks (−3.23±3.82 vs. −4.57±3.96, P=0.001), and 3 months (−0.93±5.01 vs. −2.79±4.86, P<0.001) were significantly greater in male subjects, as compared to female patients. However, at 6 months post-surgery, most patients showed weight gain with no statistical significance between the genders (1.11±4.64 vs. 1.94±6.26, P=0.143). Weight change based on treatment (with or without chemotherapy) reveal significant differences between the genders at 3 months post-surgery only (−1.33±4.65 vs. −2.52 ±5.15, P=0.027). Multivariate analysis for factors of severe weight loss show that the male gender [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.83, P=0.027)], adjuvant chemotherapy (adjusted OR 2.11, P=0.008), and presence of post-operative complications (adjusted OR 2.12, P=0.029) were significant factors.
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Conclusion: In postoperative colorectal cancer patients, the weight and nutritional status require careful monitoring for at least 2 months after surgery, in order to prevent hindrance to chemotherapy. (Surg Metab Nutr 2019;10:-53)
INTRODUCTION
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3rd most common cancer in the world and the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death.[1] In Korea, CRC is the third most common cancer, with increasing number of patients undergoing surgery for this condition and CRC is continuously increasing in incidence due to Westernized diet and increase in alcohol intake and smoking.[2] Many studies have been conducted and showed that postoperative weight change in patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer is mainly due to decreased oral intake and absorption disorders due to reduced passing time.[3-5] However, clinically, most patients who undergo surgery for CRC also commonly experience weight loss. Even though weight loss is an important factor in nutritional assessment, patient counselling or management has been limited due to the limited number of studies on weight loss after CRC surgery.[6] Involuntary weight loss is the basic diagnostic criterion for cancer cachexia and is known to be related to toxicity of chemotherapy.[7,8] In particular, weight loss commonly occurs due to nausea and dyspepsia after chemotherapy. However, this is difficult to explain to patients due to the lack of studies on weight loss after colorectal surgery. Therefore, this study aims to explore the change in weight and nutritional status after surgery in CRC patients as well as factors that affect severe weight loss.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study is a retrospective study based on data from prospectively collected database. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences and this study was waived of the requirement for patient’s informed consent (D-1904-017-002). Out of 443 patients who underwent colectomy at the Department of Colorectal Surgery at our institution between August 2010 and December 2016, total of 374 patients were included in the analysis, excluding 69 patients who underwent stoma formation surgery and those who did not undergo weight measurement and tests. The following baseline characteristics were collected: sex, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin level, serum albumin level, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, method of operation (open and laparoscopy), hospital stay, early complication, adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer stage and location of tumor (right, left, or rectum) were investigated through postoperative histopathological test results. Patients’ weight was measured before surgery and 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. Change in weight was explored according to patients’ sex and whether they were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Severe weight loss was defined as greater than 5% weight loss after surgery compared to preoperative state. Patients’ nutritional status was evaluated using Instant Nutritional Assessment (INA). INA was measured before and 6 months after surgery. INA grade 1 is defined as albumin ≥3.5 g/dL and lymphocyte count ≥1500/μL. INA grade 2 is defined as albumin ≥3.5 g/dL and lymphocyte count <1500/μL. INA grade 3 is defined as albumin <3.5 g/dL and lymphocyte count ≥1500/μL. INA grade 4 is defined as albumin <3.5 g/dL and lymphocyte count < 1500/μL. Among these, INA grade 1 was defined as good nutritional status. Anemia was defined as <13 g/dL in male and <12 g/dL in female. TNM stage 0, I, and II were defined as non-advanced stage, and III and IV were defined as advanced stage.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Comparison of categorical variables between two groups was performed using Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Student’s t-test was used for the comparison of continuous variables between the two groups. For factors that can influence greater than 5% weight loss at 3 months post-surgery compared to pre-surgery period, multiple analysis was performed using logistic regression on the factors with P<0.1. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Out of 374 patients, 231 (61.8%) were male, and the average age was 63.8. In this study, 137 patients (36.6%) did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy and 237 patients (63.4%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Two hundred forty-four patients (65.2%) had good INA status, and 270 (72.2%) underwent laparoscopic surgery. One hundred eighty-six patients (49.7%) had advanced stage by TNM staging. In the group that received adjuvant chemotherapy, patients’ age was significantly younger, and the number of cases of open surgery were significantly higher. CEA level was also significantly higher. The incidence of severe weight loss after surgery was significantly higher in patients who received chemotherapy 3 months after surgery (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographic data and clinical characteristics according to whether they were treated with chemotherapy
In order to assess patients’ nutritional status, INA was measured before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Patients who underwent chemotherapy had significantly lower levels of albumin and hemoglobin and showed significantly higher incidence of anemia. There was no significant difference in INA between the two groups before surgery. Albumin and hemoglobin level increased at 6 months after surgery in both groups, but the difference was significantly smaller in the chemotherapy group. Anemia also improved after surgery, but the proportion of anemic patients was still higher in the chemotherapy group (Table 2). Table 3 shows INA in 4 groups, allocated by whether they were treated with chemotherapy and gender.
Weight change after surgery was explored in each gender and expressed in percentage change from preoperative weight. In male patients, weight change at 1week post-surgery (−2.56±2.62 vs. −3.36±2.68, P <0.005), 6 weeks post-surgery (−3.23±3.82 vs. −4.57± 3.96, P=0.001), and 3 months post-surgery (−0.93±5.01 vs. −2.79±4.86, P<0.001) was significantly greater than female patients. At 6 months post-surgery, weight gain was seen in both groups, with no significant difference between the two groups (1.11±4.64 vs. 1.94±6.26, P=0.143) (Fig. 1). Weight change by whether they were treated with chemotherapy showed significant difference between the two groups at 3 months post-surgery only (−1.33±4.65 vs. −2.52±5.15, P=0.027) (Fig. 2). When patients were allocated into 4 groups by whether they were treated with chemotherapy and gender, male patients who underwent chemotherapy showed marked weight loss (Fig. 3). Male patients who underwent chemotherapy showed significantly greater weight loss at 1 week (−3.62±2.38 vs. −2.67±2.79, P=0.001), 6 weeks (−5.02±3.72 vs. −3.46±3.99, P<0.001), and 3 months post-surgery (−3.35±4.63 vs. −1.29±5.06, P<0.001) compared to others. However, at 6 months post-surgery, most patients showed weight gain with no statistical significance between groups (1.91±6.10 vs. 1.47±5.49, P=0.486).
Table 2
Nutritional assessment compared with preoperative and postoperative according to whether they were treated with chemotherapy
Table 3
Nutritional assessment compared with preoperative and postoperative according to patients’ sex and whether they were treated with chemotherapy
Weight loss was significantly severe at 3 months post-surgery. Upon univariate analysis, male gender, adjuvant chemotherapy, rectal tumor, and presence of complication contributed to greater than 5% weight loss compared to preoperative status. Upon multivariate analysis for these factors, male gender [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07∼3.13, P=0.027), adjuvant chemotherapy (adjusted OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.22∼3.65, P=0.008) and presence of post-operative complication (adjusted OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.08∼4.17, P=0.029) were significant (Table 4).
Fig. 1
Weight change after surgery between male and female patients. *Diff_1 wk=(body weight of postoperative 1 week-preoperative body weight)/ preoperative body weight. †Diff_6 wk=(body weight of postoperative 6 week-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight. ‡Diff_3 mo= (body weight of postoperative 3 month-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight.
Fig. 2
Weight change after surgery with or without chemotherapy. *Diff_1 wk=(body weight of postoperative 1 week-preoperative body weight)/ preoperative body weight. †Diff_6 wk=(body weight of postoperative 6 week-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight. ‡Diff_3 mo= (body weight of postoperative 3 month-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight.
Fig. 3
Weight change of 4 groups by gender and whether they were treated with chemotherapy. *Diff_1 wk=(body weight of postoperative 1 week-preoperative body weight)/ preoperative body weight. †Diff_6 wk=(body weight of postoperative 6 week-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight. ‡Diff_3 mo= (body weight of postoperative 3 month-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight.
Table 4
Factors for severe weight loss at 3 months post-surgery after univariate and multivariate analyses.
DISCUSSION
This study explored the change in nutritional status and weight after surgery according to adjuvant chemotherapy and gender in colorectal cancer patients. According to this study, nutritional status at 6 months post-surgery was better in patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy compared to those who received adjuvant chemotherapy. In particular, male patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy showed the most severe weight loss. Weight loss was the most severe at 3 months post-surgery. Greater than 5% weight loss at 3 months post-surgery compared to pre-surgery period was more frequent in male patients, patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, and patients who showed postoperative complications.
Weight change is a good tool to assess the patient’s nutritional status.[9] For gastrointestinal cancer, there are studies that investigate weight change in gastric cancer patients whose nutritional intake decreased after surgery, but the number of studies that evaluate the weight change in colorectal cancer patients is limited. Therefore, this study explored weight change in colorectal cancer patients by assessing patient weight at pre-operative, 1-week post-operative, 6 weeks post-operative, and 3 months post-operative periods. Additionally, markers that can represent patient status, such as hemoglobin level, albumin level, and INA, were also studied. This study confirmed that chemotherapy is associated with higher risk of malnutrition and risk. In particular, this study showed that male patients who undergo chemotherapy show significantly greater weight loss at 1 week, 6 weeks, and 3 months after surgery compared to the rest of the population. This study also showed that, regardless of adjuvant chemotherapy and gender, patients tend to recover to pre-operative weight or even show weight gain by 6 months after surgery. The proportion of patients who showed severe weight loss was 30.7% in patients who did not undergo chemotherapy 6 weeks after surgery, versus 40.5% in patients who did. This proportion decreased to 8% and 10.1%, respectively, 6 months after surgery. In advanced colorectal patients, post-operative chemotherapy has a significant impact on survival rate.[10] It has previously been reported that, in advanced colorectal patients over the age of 70, malnutrition decreases survival and compliance to chemotherapy.[11] Another study reported increased socioeconomic cost.[12] Severe post-operative weight loss leading to delay or poor compliance of chemotherapy may adversely affect patient’s survival. Considering that the timing of post-operative chemotherapy is between 4 to 8 weeks post-surgery, close monitoring of weight loss and malnutrition as well as active management including nutrition consultation are required during the 2-month period after surgery, before chemotherapy initiation. Also, severe weight loss should be prevented through thorough perioperative patient education that provides accurate information on weight loss. In addition, better nutritional support must be considered through early oral feeing via enhanced recovery after surgery program.[13,14]
In this study, incidence of severe weight loss showed significant difference between patients who received chemotherapy 3 months after surgery and patients who did not. We investigated risk factors that may contribute to severe weight loss. Post-operative malnutrition or sarcopenia has been shown to increase post-operative complication.[15-17] This study showed that post-operative complication can be a risk factor for weight loss at 3 months after surgery. Upon comparison of 46 patients who experienced post-operative complications and those who did not, weight loss in patients who developed post-operative complications showed numerically greater weight loss at 6 weeks (−5.09% vs −3.91%, P=0.059) and 3 months (−2.94 vs. −1.96, P=0.215) after surgery, though results were not statistically significant. Certain complications that arise after colorectal cancer surgery, such as anastomosis site leakage, intrapelvic abscess, and ileus, can lead to long-term restriction of oral intake and subsequent severe weight loss. Complications are also associated with anemia, which was investigated in this study. Pre-operative anemia is common in colorectal cancer, occurring up to 70% of patients.[18,19] In this study, 40.9% of total population had pre-operative anemia. Pre-operative anemia is known to be related to increased incidence of post-operative complication.[18-20] As pre-operative anemia can affect weight loss by inducing post-operative complication, pre-operative anemia must also be corrected.
In this study, the albumin level was significantly higher during the preoperative and 6-month postoperative periods in patients who did not receive chemotherapy. The decreased albumin level in patients who underwent chemotherapy can be thought to be due to the advanced stage of disease and associated cancer cachexia.[21] Cancer cachexia can occur due to immune activation from cancer-related cytokine production,[22] metabolic changes related to hormones,[23] and decreased nutrient absorption through the gastrointestinal tract.[24]
This study is limited by the fact that sample size is small and that it is a retrospective study. The short follow-up period of 6 months after surgery is also a limitation. Further studies with bigger sample size and prospective study design are required to explore the association between postoperative weight loss, nutritional status, and oncological results through longer follow-up period.
In conclusion, this study confirmed that weight loss can be seen until 3 months after surgery in colorectal cancer, before recovery to pre-operative weight is seen at 6 months after surgery. Risk of severe weight loss is shown to be higher in male patients, in patients who receive chemotherapy, and patients who develop post-operative complications. Therefore, in patients who require chemotherapy, weight and nutritional status must be carefully monitored for at least 2 months after surgery in order to prevent hinderance to chemotherapy.
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- 11. Aaldriks AA, van der Geest LG, Giltay EJ, le Cessie S, Portielje JE, Tanis BC, et al. Frailty and malnutrition predictive of mortality risk in older patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy. J Geriatr Oncol 2013;4:218-26. ArticlePubMed
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Fig. 1
Weight change after surgery between male and female patients. *Diff_1 wk=(body weight of postoperative 1 week-preoperative body weight)/ preoperative body weight. †Diff_6 wk=(body weight of postoperative 6 week-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight. ‡Diff_3 mo= (body weight of postoperative 3 month-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight.
Fig. 2
Weight change after surgery with or without chemotherapy. *Diff_1 wk=(body weight of postoperative 1 week-preoperative body weight)/ preoperative body weight. †Diff_6 wk=(body weight of postoperative 6 week-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight. ‡Diff_3 mo= (body weight of postoperative 3 month-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight.
Fig. 3
Weight change of 4 groups by gender and whether they were treated with chemotherapy. *Diff_1 wk=(body weight of postoperative 1 week-preoperative body weight)/ preoperative body weight. †Diff_6 wk=(body weight of postoperative 6 week-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight. ‡Diff_3 mo= (body weight of postoperative 3 month-preoperative body weight)/preoperative body weight.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Postoperative Weight Changes, Nutritional Status and Clinical Significance of Colorectal Cancer Patients
Demographic data and clinical characteristics according to whether they were treated with chemotherapy
| Total number of patients or average (N=374) | Patients without chemotherapy (N=137) | Patients with chemotherapy (N=237) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.599 | |||
| Male | 231 (61.8%) | 87 (63.5%) | 144 (60.8%) | |
| Female | 143 (38.2%) | 50 (36.5%) | 93 (39.2%) | |
| Age (mean±SD, years) | 63.8±11.2 | 65.6±11.6 | 62.8±10.8 | 0.021 |
| Body mass index (mean±SD, kg/m2) | 23.4±3.3 | 23.7±3.2 | 23.2±3.4 | 0.253 |
| ASA | 0.116 | |||
| 1 | 180 (48.1%) | 59 (43.1%) | 121 (51.0%) | |
| 2 | 183 (48.8%) | 71 (51.8%) | 112 (47.3%) | |
| 3 | 11 (2.9%) | 7 (5.1%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
| Instant nutrition assessment | 0.932 | |||
| Good | 244 (65.2%) | 89 (65.0%) | 155 (65.4%) | |
| Poor | 130 (34.8%) | 48 (35.0%) | 82 (34.6%) | |
| Location of colorectal cancer | 0.195 | |||
| Right | 130 (34.8%) | 45 (32.8%) | 85 (35.9%) | |
| Left | 177 (47.3%) | 61 (44.5%) | 116 (48.9%) | |
| Rectum | 67 (17.9%) | 31 (22.7%) | 36 (15.2%) | |
| Method of operation | 0.001 | |||
| Open | 104 (27.8%) | 24 (17.5%) | 80 (33.8%) | |
| Laparoscopy | 270 (72.2%) | 113 (82.5%) | 157 (66.2%) | |
| TNM stage | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 13 (3.5%) | 13 (9.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 1 | 77 (20.6%) | 77 (56.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 2 | 98 (26.2%) | 34 (24.8%) | 64 (27.0%) | |
| 3 | 135 (36.1%) | 11 (8.0%) | 124 (52.3%) | |
| 4 | 51 (13.6%) | 2 (1.5%) | 49 (20.7%) | |
| Complication | 0.303 | |||
| No | 328 (87.7%) | 117 (85.4%) | 211 (89.0%) | |
| Yes | 46 (12.3%) | 20 (14.6%) | 26 (11.0%) | |
| Length of stay (mean±SD, days) | 10.1±3.9 | 9.6±3.6 | 10.3±4.2 | 0.086 |
| CEA (ng/mL) | 13.2±46.6 | 3.7±4.2 | 18.7±57.6 | <0.001 |
| ≤5 | 253 (67.6%) | 111 (81.0%) | 142 (59.9%) | <0.001 |
| ＞5 | 121 (32.4%) | 26 (19.0%) | 95 (40.1%) | |
| Severe weight loss | ||||
| Postoperative 1 week | 76 (20.3%) | 21 (15.3%) | 55 (23.2%) | 0.068 |
| Postoperative 6 weeks | 138 (36.9%) | 42 (30.7%) | 96 (40.5%) | 0.057 |
| Postoperative 3 months | 87 (23.3%) | 23 (16.8%) | 64 (27.0%) | 0.024 |
| Postoperative 6 months | 32 (8.6%) | 8 (5.8%) | 24 (10.1%) | 0.153 |
Nutritional assessment compared with preoperative and postoperative according to whether they were treated with chemotherapy
| Preoperative status | Postoperative after 6 months | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients without chemotherapy (N=137) | Patients with chemotherapy (N=237) | P-value | Patients without chemotherapy (N=137) | Patients with chemotherapy (N=237) | P-value | |
| Lymphocyte | 1847±639 | 1790±608 | 0.387 | 1950±662 | 1759±658 | 0.007 |
| <1500/μL | 118 (86.1%) | 203 (85.7%) | 0.899 | 34 (68.0%) | 38 (76.0%) | 0.387 |
| ≥1500/μL | 19 (13.9%) | 34 (14.3%) | 16 (32.0%) | 12 (24.0%) | ||
| Albumin | 4.1±0.4 | 4.0±0.5 | 0.022 | 4.2±0.4 | 4.1±0.4 | 0.007 |
| <3.5 g/dL | 128 (93.4%) | 216 (91.1%) | 0.432 | 135 (98.5%) | 235 (99.2%) | 0.577 |
| ≥3.5 g/dL | 9 (6.6%) | 21 (8.9%) | 2 (1.5%) | 2 (0.8%) | ||
| Hemoglobin | 12.9±2.0 | 12.3±2.1 | 0.009 | 13.1±1.6 | 12.7±1.7 | 0.043 |
| Anemia | 0.009 | 0.009 | ||||
| No | 84 (61.3%) | 112 (47.3%) | 95 (69.3%) | 132 (55.7%) | ||
| Yes | 28 (38.7%) | 125 (52.7%) | 42 (30.7%) | 105 (44.3%) | ||
| Instant nutrition assessment | 0.932 | 0.021 | ||||
| Good | 88 (65.0%) | 155 (65.4%) | 101 (73.7%) | 147 (62.0%) | ||
| Poor | 49 (35.0%) | 82 (34.6%) | 36 (26.3%) | 90 (38.0%) | ||
| 1 | 88 (64.2%) | 155 (65.4%) | 0.276 | 101 (73.7%) | 147 (62.0%) | 0.048 |
| 2 | 40 (29.2%) | 61 (25.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | ||
| 3 | 4 (2.9%) | 3 (1.3%) | 34 (24.8%) | 87 (36.7%) | ||
| 4 | 5 (3.7%) | 18 (7.6%) | 2 (1.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | ||
Nutritional assessment compared with preoperative and postoperative according to patients’ sex and whether they were treated with chemotherapy
| Male patients without chemotherapy (N=87) | Female patients without chemotherapy (N=50) | Male patients with chemotherapy (N=144) | Female patients with chemotherapy (N=93) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative | 6 months after surgery | Preoperative | 6 months after surgery | Preoperative | 6 months after surgery | Preoperative | 6 months after surgery | |
| Lymphocyte | 1868±670 | 1935±676 | 1811±587 | 1977±643 | 1828±633 | 1814±678 | 1731±565 | 1674±619 |
| <1500/μL | 59 (67.8%) | 63 (72.4%) | 34 (68.0%) | 38 (76.0%) | 98 (68.1%) | 96 (66.7%) | 60 (64.5%) | 52 (55.9%) |
| ≥1500/μL | 28 (32.2%) | 24 (27.6%) | 16 (32.0%) | 12 (24.0%) | 46 (31.9%) | 48 (33.3%) | 33 (35.5%) | 41 (44.1%) |
| Albumin | 4.2±0.4 | 4.2±0.3 | 4.1±0.5 | 4.2±0.3 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.1±0.3 | 3.9±0.5 | 4.1±0.3 |
| <3.5 g/dL | 85 (94.3%) | 85 (97.7%) | 46 (92.0%) | 50 (100%) | 135 (93.8%) | 142 (98.6%) | 81 (87.1%) | 93 (100%) |
| ≥3.5 g/dL | 5 (5.7%) | 2 (2.3%) | 4 (8.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (6.3%) | 2 (1.4%) | 12 (12.9%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Hemoglobin | 13.6±2.0 | 13.6±1.5 | 11.8±1.6 | 12.2±1.2 | 13.1±2.1 | 13.3±1.7 | 11.2±1.5 | 11.9±1.2 |
| Anemia | ||||||||
| No | 59 (67.8%) | 62 (71.3%) | 25 (50.0%) | 33 (66.0%) | 84 (58.3%) | 88 (61.1%) | 28 (30.1%) | 44 (47.3%) |
| Yes | 28 (32.2%) | 25 (28.7%) | 25 (50.0%) | 17 (34.0%) | 60 (41.7%) | 56 (38.9%) | 65 (69.9%) | 49 (52.7%) |
| Instant nutrition assessment grade | ||||||||
| 1 | 57 (65.5%) | 63 (72.4%) | 31 (62.0%) | 38 (76.0%) | 97 (67.4%) | 95 (66.0%) | 58 (62.3%) | 52 (55.9%) |
| 2 | 25 (28.7%) | 22 (25.3%) | 15 (30.0%) | 12 (24.0%) | 38 (26.4%) | 2 (1.4%) | 23 (24.7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| 3 | 2 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (4.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 46 (31.9%) | 2 (2.2%) | 41 (44.1%) |
| 4 | 3 (3.4%) | 2 (2.3%) | 3 (4.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (5.6%) | 1 (0.7%) | 10 (10.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Factors for severe weight loss at 3 months post-surgery after univariate and multivariate analyses.
| Patients with weight loss over -5% of postoperative after 3months | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
| Patients with weight loss over -5% n (%) | P | Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | P | |
| Sex | 0.016 | 0.027 | ||
| Female | 24/143 (16.8) | 1 | ||
| Male | 64/231 (27.7) | 1.83 (1.07~3.13) | ||
| Age | 0.677 | |||
| <65 years | 45/148 (24.5) | |||
| ≥65 years | 43/147 (22.6) | |||
| ASA | 0.151 | |||
| I | 36/178 (20.2) | |||
| II and III | 52/144 (26.5) | |||
| Body mass index | 0.295 | |||
| <25 | 56/255 (22.0) | |||
| ≥25 | 32/119 (26.9) | |||
| Comorbidity | 0.292 | |||
| No | 35/167 (21.0) | |||
| Yes | 53/207 (25.6) | |||
| Location of colorectal cancer | 0.096 | 0.100 | ||
| Right and Left | 67/307 (21.8) | 1 | ||
| Rectum | 21/67 (31.3) | 1.66 (0.91~3.05) | ||
| Instant nutrition assessment | 0.508 | |||
| Good | 60/244 (24.6) | |||
| Poor | 28/130 (21.5) | |||
| CEA (ng/mL) | 0.510 | |||
| ≤5 | 57/253 (22.5) | |||
| ＞5 | 31/121 (25.6) | |||
| Method of operation | 0.677 | |||
| Open | 26/104 (25.0) | |||
| Laparoscopy | 62/270 (23.0) | |||
| Chemotherapy | 0.019 | 0.008 | ||
| No | 23/137 (16.8) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 65/237 (27.4) | 2.11 (1.22~3.65) | ||
| Complication | 0.022 | 0.029 | ||
| No | 71/328 (21.6) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 17/46 (37.0) | 2.12 (1.08~4.17) | ||
| Cancer stage | 0.202 | |||
| Non-advanced | 39/188 (20.7) | |||
| Advanced | 49/186 (26.3) | |||
| Anemia | 0.135 | |||
| No | 40/196 (20.4) | |||
| Yes | 48/178 (27.0) | |||
| Albumin | 0.979 | |||
| <3.5 g/dL | 81/344 (23.5) | |||
| ≥3.5 g/dL | 7/30 (23.3) | |||
| Lymphocyte | 0.593 | |||
| <1500/μL | 74/321 (23.1) | |||
| ≥1500/μL | 14/53 (23.5) | |||
Table 1 Demographic data and clinical characteristics according to whether they were treated with chemotherapy
Table 2 Nutritional assessment compared with preoperative and postoperative according to whether they were treated with chemotherapy
Table 3 Nutritional assessment compared with preoperative and postoperative according to patients’ sex and whether they were treated with chemotherapy
Table 4 Factors for severe weight loss at 3 months post-surgery after univariate and multivariate analyses.
