Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
Copyright: © Korean Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Adapted from Guidelines for safe use of injectable drugs. https://www.mfds.go.kr/brd/m_210/view.do?seq=13048.3
BUD = beyond-use date; NA = not available; ISO = International Organization for Standardization; ACPH = air changes per hour.
Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.8
Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.8
CSPs = compounded sterile preparations; BUD = beyond-use date; ISO = International Organization for Standardization; PEC = primary engineering control; IV = intravenous.
Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.8
BUDs = beyond-use dates; CSPs = compounded sterile preparations.
Adapted from General chapter <797> pharmaceutical compounding-sterile preparations. www.usppf.com/pf/pub/index.html with original copyright holder’s permission.9
CSPs = compounded sterile preparations; PEC = primary engineering control; BUD = beyond-use date.
Adapted from General chapter <797> pharmaceutical compounding-sterile preparations. www.usppf.com/pf/pub/index.html with original copyright holder’s permission.9
Definition of pharmaceutical preparation | Examples | |
---|---|---|
Risk level 1 | (1) Stored at 15°C~30°C, and completely administered within 28 hours after preparation. (2) Unpreserved sterile products prepared for one patient, or prepared in batch form by addition of a suitable preservatives for administration to two or more patients. (3) Product prepared by closed-system aseptic transfer of sterile, nonpyrogenic, finished pharmaceuticals obtained from licensed manufacturers into sterile final containers obtained from licensed manufacturers. |
- Single-patient admixture - Single-patient ophthalmic, preserved - Single-patient syringes without preservatives used in 28 hours - Batch-prefilled syringes with preservatives - Total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solution made by gravity transfer of carbohydrate and amino acids into an empty container with the addition of sterile additives with a syringe and needle |
Risk level 2 | (1) Stored at 15°C~30°C, and administered beyond 28 hours after preparation. (2) Prepared without the addition of preservatives in batch form for administration to two or more patients. (3) Products compounded by complex or numerous manipulations of sterile ingredients obtained from licensed manufacturers in a sterile container or reservoir obtained from a licensed manufacturer by using closed-system aseptic transfer. |
- Injections for use in portable pump or reservoir over multiple days - Batch-reconstituted antibiotics without preservatives - Batch-prefilled syringes without preservatives - TPN solutions mixed with an automatic compounding device |
Risk level 3 | (1) Products compounded from nonsterile ingredients or compounded with nonsterile components, containers, or equipment before terminal sterilization. (2) Products prepared by combining multiple ingredients-sterile or nonsterile- by using an open-system transfer or open reservoir before terminal sterilization. |
- Alum bladder irrigation - Morphine injection made from powder or tablets - TPN solutions made from dry amino acids - TPN solutions sterilized by final filtration - Autoclaved intravenous solutions |
Adapted from Guidelines for safe use of injectable drugs.
Facility | Non-hazardous drugs | Hazardous drugs | |||
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Low-risk with ≤12-hour BUD | Low-risk | Medium-risk | High-risk | ||
Architectural style | Segregated | Open or closed | Open or closed | Closed | Closed |
Buffer zone ISO classification | NA | ISO class 7 or better | ISO class 7 or better | ISO class 7 or better | ISO class 7 or better |
Ante area ISO classification | NA | ISO class 8 (ISO class 7 if opens into negative pressure area) or better | ISO class 8 (ISO class 7 if opens into negative pressure area) or better | ISO class 8 (ISO class 7 if opens into negative pressure area) or better | ISO class 7 or better |
Minimum air exchanges for buffer area ACPH | NA | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
Minimum air exchanges for ante area ACPH | NA | 20 if ISO 8; 30 if ISO 7 | 20 if ISO 8; 30 if ISO 7 | 20 if ISO 8; 30 if ISO 7 | 30 |
Pressure | NA | Positive | Positive | Positive | Negative |
BUD = beyond-use date; NA = not available; ISO = International Organization for Standardization; ACPH = air changes per hour.
Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.8
Parameter | Monitored By | Frequency |
---|---|---|
Temperature | Compounding personnel or facilities management staff (if electronic monitoring is centralized) | Documented daily (at a minimum) |
Pressure differential or velocity across line of demarcation | Compounding personnel | Documented each shift (preferably), daily (at a minimum) |
Qualified certifier | At least every 6 months | |
Nonviable particles | Qualified certifier | At least every 6 months |
Surface sampling | Compounding or laboratory personnel | Periodically, as defined by compounding and infection control personnel, at least every 6 months or after significant changes in procedures or cleaning practices |
Electronic device sample of viable particles | Compounding personnel or qualified certifier | At least every 6 months |
Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.8
Risk category | Compounding location | Garbing required | Aseptic technique required | Examples | BUDs of CSP stored at | ||
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Room temperature (h) | Refrigerated | Frozen (≤10°C) (d) | |||||
Low-risk | ISO class 5 PEC, ISO class 7 buffer area, ISO class 8 ante area | Yes | Yes | Reconstitution of a single-dose vial, single preparation of a small volume parenteral, single large volume IV replacement fluids with no more than 3 components | 48 | 14 d | 45 |
Low-risk with ≤12-hour BUD | ISO class 5 PEC segregated from other operations | Yes | Yes | Same as low-risk examples, non-hazardous preparations only | 12 | 12 h | NA |
Medium-risk | ISO class 5 PEC, ISO class 7 buffer area, ISO class 8 ante area | Yes | Yes | Batched syringes, total parenteral nutrition, ophthalmic preparations made from sterile products, pooled admixtures, batch-compounded preparations without bateriostatic additives, preparations made using automated compounders or other automated devices, elastomeric pumps | 30 | 9 d | 45 |
High-risk | ISO class 5 PEC, ISO class 7 buffer area, ISO class 7 ante area | Yes | Yes | CSPs prepared from bulk, nonsterile components or in final containers which are not sterile; preparations that must be terminally sterilized before administration | 24 | 3 d | 45 |
Immediate-use | Medication preparation areas should be clean, uncluttered, and functionally separate | No | Yes | Emergent use preparations such as epidurals prepared by anesthesia for immediate injection or infusion, diagnostics, any non-hazardous preparations that might cause harm due to delays in administration | 1 | NA | NA |
CSPs = compounded sterile preparations; BUD = beyond-use date; ISO = International Organization for Standardization; PEC = primary engineering control; IV = intravenous.
Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.8
Category | Preparation characteristic | Storage conditions | |||
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Sterilization method | Sterility testing performed and passed | Controlled room temperature (20°C~25°C) | Refrigerator (2°C~8°C) | Freezer (–25°C~–10°C) | |
1 | ≤12 h | ≤24 h | |||
2 | Aseptically prepared CSPs | No | Prepared from one or more nonsterile starting component(s): 1 d | Prepared from one or more nonsterile starting component(s): 4 d | Prepared from one or more nonsterile starting component(s): 45 d |
Prepared from only sterile starting components: 4 d | Prepared from only sterile starting components: 9 d | Prepared from only sterile starting components: 45 d | |||
Yes | 30 d | 45 d | 60 d | ||
Terminally sterilized CSPs | No | 14 d | 28 d | 45 d | |
Yes | 45 d | 60 d | 90 d |
BUDs = beyond-use dates; CSPs = compounded sterile preparations.
Adapted from General chapter <797> pharmaceutical compounding-sterile preparations.
Evaluation item | Category 1 CSPs | Category 2 CSPs |
---|---|---|
Personnel qualifications | ||
Visual observation of hand hygiene and garbing | Every 6 mo | Every 6 mo |
Gloved fingertip and thumb sampling | Every 6 mo | Every 6 mo |
Media fill testing | Every 6 mo | Every 6 mo |
Requalification | Every 12 mo | Every 12 mo |
Buildings and facilities | ||
Placement of the PEC | Not required to be placed in a classified area | Required to be placed in a classified area |
Recertification | Every 6 mo for the PEC | Every 6 mo for the PEC and secondary engineering control |
Nonviable airborne monitoring | Every 6 mo | Every 6 mo |
Microbiological air and surface monitoring | ||
Viable air sampling | Every 6 mo | Every 6 mo |
Surface sampling | Monthly | Monthly |
Release testing | ||
Visual inspection | Required | Required |
Sterility testing | Not required | Based on assigned BUD |
Endotoxin testing | Not required | Based on assigned BUD (e.g., if sterility testing is required) and if prepared from nonsterile ingredient(s) |
CSPs = compounded sterile preparations; PEC = primary engineering control; BUD = beyond-use date.
Adapted from General chapter <797> pharmaceutical compounding-sterile preparations.
Adapted from Guidelines for safe use of injectable drugs.
BUD = beyond-use date; NA = not available; ISO = International Organization for Standardization; ACPH = air changes per hour. Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.
Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.
CSPs = compounded sterile preparations; BUD = beyond-use date; ISO = International Organization for Standardization; PEC = primary engineering control; IV = intravenous. Adapted from the article of American Society of Health System Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71(2):145-66 with original copyright holder’s permission.
BUDs = beyond-use dates; CSPs = compounded sterile preparations. Adapted from General chapter <797> pharmaceutical compounding-sterile preparations.
CSPs = compounded sterile preparations; PEC = primary engineering control; BUD = beyond-use date. Adapted from General chapter <797> pharmaceutical compounding-sterile preparations.