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- Original Article Nutritional Status of Patients with Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgical Disease
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Sang Soo Eom, M.D., B.S.1
, Yong Chan Shin, M.D., M.S.1, Chang-Sup Lim, M.D., Ph.D.2, In Woong Han, M.D., Ph.D.3, Woohyun Jung, M.D., Ph.D.4, Yoonhyeong Byun, M.D., B.S.5, Dong Wook Choi, M.D., Ph.D.3, Jin Seok Heo, M.D., Ph.D.3, Hongbeom Kim, M.D., M.S.5 -
Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition 2020;11(2):46-52.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18858/smn.2020.11.2.46
Published online: December 30, 2020
1Department of Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
2Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon,
5Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hongbeom Kim E-mail surgeonkhb@gmail.com ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1595-0135
• Received: April 1, 2020 • Revised: June 17, 2020 • Accepted: July 1, 2020*Sang Soo Eom and Yong Chan Shin contributed equally to this work.
This study was supported by the 2017 Korean Society of Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Research Grant.
This study was supported by the 2017 Korean Society of Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Research Grant.
Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society of Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract
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Purpose This study examined the nutritional status of patients with hepatobiliary-pancreatic diseases before surgery to establish basic reference data.
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Materials and Methods This study evaluated retrospectively 2,322 patients admitted for hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery between 2014 and 2016 at four Korean medical institutions using the body mass index (BMI) score. The prognostic nutrition index (PNI) was calculated in patients diagnosed with malignant diseases.
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Results The mean BMI was 24.0 kg/m2 (range, 13.2~39.1 kg/m2). The patients were classified as low BMI (<21.5 kg/ m2, below 25 percentile), intermediate BMI (21.5~25.5 kg/m2), and high BMI (>25.5 kg/m2, above 75 percentile). There were significant differences in the age, sex distribution, ASA classification, type of hospitalization, biliary drainage, organ, and pathology diagnosis between the pairs among the low, intermediate, and high BMI groups. Among the three BMI groups, the complication rate of the low BMI group was highest (34.4% vs. 29.7% vs. 25.8% P=0.005). The median lengths of hospital stay in the low, intermediate, and high BMI groups were 9, 9, and 7 days, respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed the risk factors of the low BMI group to be a higher ASA classification, biliary drainage, pancreatic disease, and malignant disease. The group with PNI<45 had significantly longer hospital stays than the group with PNI≥45 (P<0.001).
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Conclusion Patients with a low BMI had a higher ASA classification, preoperative biliary drainage, pancreatic disease, and malignant disease. The low PNI group had significantly longer hospital stays than the high PNI group. Screening of the preoperative nutritional status is necessary for assessing the risk of malnutrition and its treatment.
INTRODUCTION
Although there have been remarkable improvements in the operative and postoperative techniques for hepatobiliary-pancreatic diseases, the morbidity and mortality rates after surgery have remained relatively high, compared to other organ diseases. Notably, poor nutritional status is an important risk factor for perioperative morbidity and mortality. Recent results from La Torre et al. [1] indicated that patients who underwent pancreatic resection for malignant tumors are usually malnourished; additionally, malnutrition is a relevant predictor of postoperative morbidity and mortality after pancreatic surgery.
Therefore, a variety of anamnestic scores,[2,3] anthropometric studies,[4] biochemical serum markers,[5] and electrophysiologic studies [6] are currently used for nutritional status screening. The nutrition risk score (NRS) is a simple and safe tool that assesses the nutritional intake as well as the extent of stress associated with the underlying disease.[3] The nutrition risk index (NRI), which is based on the serum albumin concentration, has been shown to identify patients at risk for postoperative complications.[7,8] Schiesser et al. [9] reported that the NRS and NRI correlate with the incidence and severity of perioperative complications in gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. The prognostic nutrition index (PNI), which is based on the serum albumin concentration and lymphocyte count, reflects nutritional status and systemic inflammation. It also has been reported to be associated with prognosis in various diseases.[10-12]
The nutritional factors are affected by the eating habits, the geographical and eating factors should be considered. However, since there is no large-scale study on the nutritional status of patients who have undergone hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery in Korea. This study was performed to investigate the preoperative nutritional status of patients with hepatobiliary-pancreatic diseases and establish basic reference data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The medical records of 2,349 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for benign or malignant hepato-biliary-pancreatic disease between 2014 and 2016 at 4 Korean medical institutions (Ilsan Paik hospital, Samsung medical center, Boramae hospital, and Dongguk university Ilsan hospital) were retrospectively reviewed.
The nutritional status was evaluated by preoperative serum albumin and body mass index (BMI), which are key parameters of the NRS or NRI. Height and weight were used to determine the BMI [BMI=weight (kg)/height (m)2]. First, the patients were classified as low BMI (below 25 percentile), intermediate BMI (between 25 percentile and 75 percentile), and high BMI (above 75 percentile). In addition, we classified the patients into patients with BMI lower than 25% and others to evaluate risk factors for low BMI.
As an assessment of systemic inflammatory response, the prognostic nutrition index (PNI) was calculated as serum albumin (g/L)+0.005×number of lymphocytes per μl in patients diagnosed with malignant disease with preoperative serum lymphocyte record.[10-12]
Continuous variables are presented as mean (range), unless stated otherwise. Nominal data were compared using χ2 tests or Fisher’s exact tests and continuous variables using Student t-tests, Mann–Whitney U tests or Kruskal-Wallis test. Factors with P<0.100 in univariate analysis were included in multivariable analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York, USA) with P-values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. This study was approved by the institutional review board of each participating center (DUIH: 2018-01-044, BMC: 2018-42-051, SMC: 2017-07-016-005 and IPH: 2017-12-008).
RESULTS
A total of 2,349 patients were enrolled in this study; however, some patients were excluded from the study due to incomplete pathologic reports or inaccurate naming of the operations. Therefore, the study evaluated a total of 2,322 patients. The clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. This study included 1,354 (58.3%) males and 968 (41.7%) females with a mean age of 62.4 years (range, 19~97 years). Overall, 1,496 patients (64.4%) were admitted in the hospital by outpatient clinic and the other 826 patients (35.6%) patients were admitted through the emergency room (ER). Most of the patients (1,528 patients [65.8%]) were classified as 2 by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classi-fication. The distribution of diagnosis was 1,617 patients (69.6%) with hepatobiliary diseases and 705 patients (30.4%) with pancreatic diseases. There were 824 patients (35.5%) who underwent preoperative biliary drainage. Additionally, 1,123 patients (48.4%) were pathologically diagnosed with malignant diseases. The majority of the study patients underwent cholecystectomy (897 patients, 38.6%) followed by pancreatoduodenectomy (569 patients, 24.5%) and distal pancreatectomy (280 patients, 12.1%).
The mean height was 1.62 m (range, 1.23~1.88 m), the mean body weight was 63.4 kg (range, 30.9~123 kg), and the mean BMI was 24.0 kg/m2 (range, 13.2~39.1 kg/m2). The mean serum albumin concentration was 4.1 g/dl (range, 2~6.6 g/dl). According to classification of obesity by BMI in the Korean Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, 105 patients (4.5%) were underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), 835 (40.0%) were normal range overweight (BMI; 18.5 kg/m2~22.9 kg/m2), 545 (23.5%) were pre-obese (BMI; 23.0 kg/m2~24.9 kg/m2), and 837 (36.0%) were obese (BMI¡A25.0 kg/m2).
The patients were classified as low BMI (<21.5 kg/m2, below 25 percentile), intermediate BMI (21.5~25.5 kg/m2), and high BMI (>25.5 kg/m2, above 75 percentile). The number of patients in low, intermediated and high BMI group were 517, 1104 and 701, respectively. There were significant differences in the age, sex distribution, ASA classification, type of hospitalization, biliary drainage, organ and pathologic diagnosis between the pairs among low, intermediate, and high BMI groups. Among three BMI groups, the complication rate of low BMI group was highest (34.4% vs 29.7% vs 25.8% P=0.005). The median length of hospital day were 9, 9 and 7 days in low, intermediate and high BMI group, respectively (P<0.001) (Table 2).
To identify clinical characteristics of low BMI group, univariate and multivariate analysis were performed between lower 25 percentile group and higher 75 percentile group. In the univariate analysis between patients with lower than 25% BMI and others, higher ASA classification (P=0.027), hospitalization through the outpatient clinic (P=0.004), biliary drainage (external or internal, P<0.001), pancreatic disease (P=0.005), malignant histology (P<0.001), presence of complications (P=0.006 and long hospital stay (P<0.001) were significantly associated with lower BMI scores (Table 3). Multivariate analysis of preoperative factors demonstrated that higher values of ASA classification, biliary drainage, pancreatic disease, and malignant disease were independent predictors of a low BMI. However there was no difference in length of hospital stay and complication rate between BMI groups.
PNI was calculated in 501 patients diagnosed with malignant diseases with preoperative serum lymphocyte record. The mean value of PNI was 50.08 (range, 23.53~73.43). Patients were divided into two groups based on the PNI distribution. The cut off values for dividing the two groups were set to 20 percentile, 30 percentile, and 40 percentile of the total distribution, and three analyzes were performed respectively. There was no difference between the rate of complications and PNI group. When the patient was divided into two groups based on the PNI value of 20 percentile, 45, the group with PNI<45 had significantly longer hospital stays than the group with PNI¡A45 (P<0.001) (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
Since the hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery shows a high incidence of postoperative complications when compared to other surgeries, the nutritional status of the patients in this type of surgery has a significant effect on the postoperative prognosis. Additionally, as the nutritional factors are affected by the eating habits, the geographical and eating factors should be considered. However, since there is no large-scale study on the nutritional status of patients who have undergone hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery in Korea, this study was performed for analyzing these data. The large-scale patient data were used to identify the nutritional status.
Although malnutrition is a well-recognized risk factor of postoperative complications in hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery, its prevalence and severity is often underestimated. In a study to find a strong correlation between the nutritional risk screening scores NRS, NRI, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the incidence of postoperative morbidity using a validated classification system of surgical complications, the authors reported that the patients at nutritional risk experienced more severe complications compared with non-risk patients, which resulted in more reoperations and prolonged hospital stays.[9] PNI also useful nutritional scoring system, reflects nutritional status and systemic inflammation. It is based on the serum albumin concentration and lymphocyte count, reflects nutritional status and systemic inflammation.[10-12] Okamura et al. [12] validate the power of various prognostic scores such as Glasgow Prognostic Score, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and PNI in hepatectomy patients. PNI was an independent predictor of overall survival (HR 2.01, P= 0.007).
Due to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality in malnourished surgical patients, the clinical and laboratory indicators of the nutritional status have been extensively investigated. Measuring preoperative albumin, weight loss, and BMI are the simplest methods used to evaluate and assess the malnutrition risk. Albumin level was a better predictor of some types of morbidity, particularly sepsis and major infections, than several other preoperative characteristics.[13] Hennessey et al. [14] showed that a preoperative serum albumin level<30 mg/dl increased the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) 5.6-fold in their multivariate analysis of the relationship of serum albumin with SSI. La Torre et al. [1] reported that severe hypoalbuminemia was an independent predictor of the overall morbidity in patients undergoing resection for periampullary and pancreatic carcinoma.
In this study, it was observed that the prevalence of malnutrition was significantly greater in patients with higher ASA classification (3 or 4) or malignant diseases using the BMI score as variables for the evaluation of malnutrition. The reported rate of patients at nutritional risk is similar to our results in patients who underwent an operation for GI cancer.[9,15,16] Preoperative biliary drainage was also an independent predictor of mal-nutrition. Padillo et al. [17] showed that patients with obstructive jaundice due to benign or malignant tumors had lower concentrations of some of the visceral proteins before biliary drainage and concentrations of those proteins improved 10 days after biliary drainage. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by pancreatic disease affects the nutritional status of patients preoperatively. That would be a reason why the rate of patients with lower 25% BMI in the pancreatic disease group was significantly higher than that in the hepatobiliary disease group.
The study has some limitations. First, this was a retrospective study. Thus, parameters such as weight loss, appetite, GI symptoms, which are necessary to calculate NRS and NRI could not be obtained. Evaluation of those scores would be helpful to assess the correlation among the different nutritional risk scores. Second, when the patients enrolled in this study were classified according to the definition of obesity by the Korean Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, the rate of the underweight group (4.5%) was relatively low compared to other groups. Therefore, patients had to be divided into two groups (lower 25% vs. higher 75%) regardless of the normal range of BMI to determine the effectiveness of BMI as a factor related to nutritional status. And last, although BMI is one of the easiest indicators to assess nutritional status, BMI alone cannot be said to represent nutritional status. The individuals with low BMI are not always malnourished or undernourished, whereas individuals with a normal BMI can be malnourished. It is also likely that there is a wide variation in body composition and nutritional status in the overweight and obese populations. The purpose is to register a large number of patients, so the details are lacking.
In conclusion, higher values of ASA classification, biliary drainage, pancreatic disease, and malignant histology were correlated with low BMI. In low BMI group, the length of hospital day was longer and the complication rate was higher compared to high BMI group. Low PNI group had significantly longer hospital stays than high PNI group. Screening of preoperative nutritional status is necessary for the assessment of the risk of malnutrition and its treatment.
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of patients
| Parameter | Mean or Number | Range or % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 1,354 | 58.3% |
| Female | 968 | 41.7% | |
| Age (years) | <65 | 1,282 | 55.2% |
| ≥65 | 1,040 | 44.8% | |
| Height (m) | 1.62 | 1.23~1.88 | |
| Body Weight (kg) | 63.4 | 30.9~123 | |
| BMI* (kg/m2) | 24.0 | 13.2~39.1 | |
| Hospitalization | Outpatient | 1,496 | 64.4% |
| ER† | 826 | 35.6% | |
| Laboratory findings | WBC‡ | 8.33 | 1.68~30.5 |
| Hb§ | 13.2 | 6~19.2 | |
| PLT∥ | 242 | 20~886 | |
| Albumin | 4.1 | 2~6.6 | |
| ASA¶ classification | 1 | 578 | 24.9% |
| 2 | 1,528 | 65.8% | |
| 3 | 210 | 9% | |
| 4 | 6 | 0.3% | |
| Disease | Hepatobiliary | 1,617 | 69.6% |
| Pancreatic | 705 | 30.4% | |
| Biliary drainage | No | 1,498 | 64.5% |
| Yes | 824 | 35.5% | |
| Pathology | Benign | 1,199 | 51.6% |
| Malignancy | 1,123 | 48.4% | |
| Operation type | Pancreaticoduodenectomy | 569 | 24.5% |
| Distal pancreatectomy | 280 | 12.1% | |
| Hemihepatectomy | 206 | 8.9% | |
| Extended cholecystectomy | 138 | 5.9% | |
| Bile duct segmental resection | 87 | 3.7% | |
| Others** | 145 | 6.2% | |
| Cholecystectomy | 897 | 38.6% |
*BMI = body mass index; †ER = emergency room; ‡WBC = white blood cell count; §Hb = hemoglobin level; ∥PLT = platelet count; ¶ASA = American Society of anesthesiologist; **Others operations were segmentectomy, open biopsy, bypass surgery, total pancreatectomy, enucleation, central pancreatectomy, hepato-pancreaticoduodenectomy, liver cyst unroofing, pseudocyst excision.
Table 2
Clinical characteristics of patients according to the BMI* group
| Total | Low BMI* (n=517) | Intermediate BMI* (n=1,104) | High BMI* (n=701) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.001 | ||||
| <65 | 1,282 | 281 (54.4%) | 575 (52.1%) | 426 (60.8%) | |
| ≥65 | 1,040 | 236 (45.6%) | 529 (47.9%) | 275 (39.2%) | |
| Sex | 0.020 | ||||
| Male | 1,354 | 286 (55.3%) | 677 (62.3%) | 391 (55.8%) | |
| Female | 968 | 231 (44.7%) | 427 (38.7%) | 310 (44.2%) | |
| ASA† classification | 0.030 | ||||
| 1 | 578 | 116 (22.4%) | 268 (24.3%) | 194 (37.7%) | |
| 2 | 1,528 | 340 (65.8%) | 750 (67.9%) | 438 (62.5%) | |
| 3 | 210 | 58 (11.2%) | 85 (7.7%) | 67 (9.6%) | |
| 4 | 6 | 3 (0.6%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.3%) | |
| Hospitalization | <0.001 | ||||
| Outpatient | 1,496 | 361 (69.8%) | 731 (66.2%) | 404 (57.6%) | |
| ER‡ | 826 | 156 (30.2%) | 373 (33.8%) | 297 (42.4%) | |
| Biliary drainage | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 825 | 219 (42.3%) | 409 (37.1%) | 197 (28.1%) | |
| No | 1,497 | 298 (57.6%) | 695 (62.9%) | 504 (71.9%) | |
| Disease | <0.001 | ||||
| Pancreas | 705 | 183 (35.4%) | 355 (32.2%) | 167 (23.8%) | |
| Biliary | 1,490 | 304 (58.8%) | 690 (62.5%) | 496 (70.8%) | |
| Liver | 127 | 30 (5.8%) | 59 (5.3%) | 38 (5.4%) | |
| Pathology | <0.001 | ||||
| Malignancy | 1,199 | 314 (60.7%) | 585 (52.9%) | 300 (42.8%) | |
| Benign | 1,123 | 203 (39.2%) | 519 (47.1%) | 401 (57.2%) | |
| Complication | 0.005 | ||||
| Yes | 687 | 178 (34.4%) | 328 (29.7%) | 181 (25.8%) | |
| No | 1,635 | 339 (65.6%) | 776 (70.3%) | 520 (74.2%) | |
| Hospital stay Median (IQR§) | 8 (3~12) | 9 (5~14) | 9 (4~12) | 7 (2~11) | <0.001 |
Table 3
Correlation with BMI* group and clinical characteristics of patients
| Total | Lower 25% BMI* (n=517) | Higher 75% BMI* (n=1,805) | P-value | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| Odds ratio | 95% Confidence interval | P-value | |||||
| Age (years) | 0.656 | ||||||
| <65 | 1,282 | 281 (54.4%) | 1,001 (55.5%) | ||||
| ≥65 | 1,040 | 236 (45.6%) | 804 (45.5%) | ||||
| Sex | 0.118 | ||||||
| Male | 1,354 | 286 (55.3%) | 1,068 (59.2%) | ||||
| Female | 968 | 231 (44.7%) | 737 (40.2%) | ||||
| ASA† classification | 0.027 | 1.424 | 1.033~1.963 | 0.031 | |||
| 1 or 2 | 2,106 | 456 (88.2%) | 1,650 (91.4%) | ||||
| 3 or 4 | 216 | 61 (11.8%) | 155 (8.6%) | ||||
| Hospitalization | 0.004 | 1.005 | 0.772~1.308 | 0.972 | |||
| Outpatient | 1,496 | 361 (69.8%) | 1,135 (62.9%) | ||||
| ER‡ | 826 | 156 (30.2%) | 670 (37.1%) | ||||
| Biliary drainage | <0.001 | 1.344 | 1.081~1.671 | 0.008 | |||
| Yes | 824 | 219 (42.4%) | 605 (33.5%) | ||||
| No | 1,498 | 298 (57.6%) | 1,200 (66.5%) | ||||
| Disease | 0.005 | 1.283 | 1.015~1.623 | 0.037 | |||
| Hepatobiliary | 1,617 | 334 (64.6%) | 1,283 (71.1%) | ||||
| Pancreas | 705 | 183 (35.4%) | 522 (28.9%) | ||||
| Pathology | <0.001 | 1.381 | 1.067~1.788 | 0.014 | |||
| Benign | 1,123 | 203 (39.2%) | 920 (50.9%) | ||||
| Malignancy | 1,199 | 314 (60.7%) | 885 (49.0%) | ||||
| Complication | 0.006 | 1.035 | 0.820~1.305 | 0.775 | |||
| Yes | 687 | 178 (34.4%) | 509 (28.2%) | ||||
| No | 1,635 | 339 (65.6%) | 1296 (71.8%) | ||||
| Hospital stay | <0.001 | 1.136 | 0.881~1.465 | 0.324 | |||
| ≤8 | 1,189 | 220 (42.6%) | 969 (81.5%) | ||||
| >8 | 1,133 | 297 (57.4%) | 836 (73.8%) | ||||
Table 4
Prognostic nutrition index assessment
| PNI<45 (n=90) | PNI≥45 (n=411) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complication* | 0.281 | |||
| Yes | 247 | 49 (54.5%) | 198 (48.1%) | |
| No | 254 | 41 (45.5%) | 213 (51.9%) | |
| Hospital stay (days) Median (IQR†) | 13 (9~21) | 20 (12~32) | 12 (9~18) | <0.001 |
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Nutritional Status of Patients with Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgical Disease
Clinical characteristics of patients
| Parameter | Mean or Number | Range or % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 1,354 | 58.3% |
| Female | 968 | 41.7% | |
| Age (years) | <65 | 1,282 | 55.2% |
| ≥65 | 1,040 | 44.8% | |
| Height (m) | 1.62 | 1.23~1.88 | |
| Body Weight (kg) | 63.4 | 30.9~123 | |
| BMI |
24.0 | 13.2~39.1 | |
| Hospitalization | Outpatient | 1,496 | 64.4% |
| ER |
826 | 35.6% | |
| Laboratory findings | WBC |
8.33 | 1.68~30.5 |
| Hb |
13.2 | 6~19.2 | |
| PLT |
242 | 20~886 | |
| Albumin | 4.1 | 2~6.6 | |
| ASA |
1 | 578 | 24.9% |
| 2 | 1,528 | 65.8% | |
| 3 | 210 | 9% | |
| 4 | 6 | 0.3% | |
| Disease | Hepatobiliary | 1,617 | 69.6% |
| Pancreatic | 705 | 30.4% | |
| Biliary drainage | No | 1,498 | 64.5% |
| Yes | 824 | 35.5% | |
| Pathology | Benign | 1,199 | 51.6% |
| Malignancy | 1,123 | 48.4% | |
| Operation type | Pancreaticoduodenectomy | 569 | 24.5% |
| Distal pancreatectomy | 280 | 12.1% | |
| Hemihepatectomy | 206 | 8.9% | |
| Extended cholecystectomy | 138 | 5.9% | |
| Bile duct segmental resection | 87 | 3.7% | |
| Others |
145 | 6.2% | |
| Cholecystectomy | 897 | 38.6% |
*BMI = body mass index; †ER = emergency room; ‡WBC = white blood cell count; §Hb = hemoglobin level; ∥PLT = platelet count; ¶ASA = American Society of anesthesiologist; **Others operations were segmentectomy, open biopsy, bypass surgery, total pancreatectomy, enucleation, central pancreatectomy, hepato-pancreaticoduodenectomy, liver cyst unroofing, pseudocyst excision.
Clinical characteristics of patients according to the BMI
| Total | Low BMI |
Intermediate BMI |
High BMI |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.001 | ||||
| <65 | 1,282 | 281 (54.4%) | 575 (52.1%) | 426 (60.8%) | |
| ≥65 | 1,040 | 236 (45.6%) | 529 (47.9%) | 275 (39.2%) | |
| Sex | 0.020 | ||||
| Male | 1,354 | 286 (55.3%) | 677 (62.3%) | 391 (55.8%) | |
| Female | 968 | 231 (44.7%) | 427 (38.7%) | 310 (44.2%) | |
| ASA |
0.030 | ||||
| 1 | 578 | 116 (22.4%) | 268 (24.3%) | 194 (37.7%) | |
| 2 | 1,528 | 340 (65.8%) | 750 (67.9%) | 438 (62.5%) | |
| 3 | 210 | 58 (11.2%) | 85 (7.7%) | 67 (9.6%) | |
| 4 | 6 | 3 (0.6%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.3%) | |
| Hospitalization | <0.001 | ||||
| Outpatient | 1,496 | 361 (69.8%) | 731 (66.2%) | 404 (57.6%) | |
| ER |
826 | 156 (30.2%) | 373 (33.8%) | 297 (42.4%) | |
| Biliary drainage | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 825 | 219 (42.3%) | 409 (37.1%) | 197 (28.1%) | |
| No | 1,497 | 298 (57.6%) | 695 (62.9%) | 504 (71.9%) | |
| Disease | <0.001 | ||||
| Pancreas | 705 | 183 (35.4%) | 355 (32.2%) | 167 (23.8%) | |
| Biliary | 1,490 | 304 (58.8%) | 690 (62.5%) | 496 (70.8%) | |
| Liver | 127 | 30 (5.8%) | 59 (5.3%) | 38 (5.4%) | |
| Pathology | <0.001 | ||||
| Malignancy | 1,199 | 314 (60.7%) | 585 (52.9%) | 300 (42.8%) | |
| Benign | 1,123 | 203 (39.2%) | 519 (47.1%) | 401 (57.2%) | |
| Complication | 0.005 | ||||
| Yes | 687 | 178 (34.4%) | 328 (29.7%) | 181 (25.8%) | |
| No | 1,635 | 339 (65.6%) | 776 (70.3%) | 520 (74.2%) | |
| Hospital stay Median (IQR |
8 (3~12) | 9 (5~14) | 9 (4~12) | 7 (2~11) | <0.001 |
*BMI = body mass index; †ASA = American Society of anesthesiologist; ‡ER = emergency room, §IQR = interquartile range.
Correlation with BMI
| Total | Lower 25% BMI |
Higher 75% BMI |
P-value | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% Confidence interval | P-value | |||||
| Age (years) | 0.656 | ||||||
| <65 | 1,282 | 281 (54.4%) | 1,001 (55.5%) | ||||
| ≥65 | 1,040 | 236 (45.6%) | 804 (45.5%) | ||||
| Sex | 0.118 | ||||||
| Male | 1,354 | 286 (55.3%) | 1,068 (59.2%) | ||||
| Female | 968 | 231 (44.7%) | 737 (40.2%) | ||||
| ASA | 0.027 | 1.424 | 1.033~1.963 | 0.031 | |||
| 1 or 2 | 2,106 | 456 (88.2%) | 1,650 (91.4%) | ||||
| 3 or 4 | 216 | 61 (11.8%) | 155 (8.6%) | ||||
| Hospitalization | 0.004 | 1.005 | 0.772~1.308 | 0.972 | |||
| Outpatient | 1,496 | 361 (69.8%) | 1,135 (62.9%) | ||||
| ER |
826 | 156 (30.2%) | 670 (37.1%) | ||||
| Biliary drainage | <0.001 | 1.344 | 1.081~1.671 | 0.008 | |||
| Yes | 824 | 219 (42.4%) | 605 (33.5%) | ||||
| No | 1,498 | 298 (57.6%) | 1,200 (66.5%) | ||||
| Disease | 0.005 | 1.283 | 1.015~1.623 | 0.037 | |||
| Hepatobiliary | 1,617 | 334 (64.6%) | 1,283 (71.1%) | ||||
| Pancreas | 705 | 183 (35.4%) | 522 (28.9%) | ||||
| Pathology | <0.001 | 1.381 | 1.067~1.788 | 0.014 | |||
| Benign | 1,123 | 203 (39.2%) | 920 (50.9%) | ||||
| Malignancy | 1,199 | 314 (60.7%) | 885 (49.0%) | ||||
| Complication | 0.006 | 1.035 | 0.820~1.305 | 0.775 | |||
| Yes | 687 | 178 (34.4%) | 509 (28.2%) | ||||
| No | 1,635 | 339 (65.6%) | 1296 (71.8%) | ||||
| Hospital stay | <0.001 | 1.136 | 0.881~1.465 | 0.324 | |||
| ≤8 | 1,189 | 220 (42.6%) | 969 (81.5%) | ||||
| >8 | 1,133 | 297 (57.4%) | 836 (73.8%) | ||||
*BMI = body mass index; †ASA = American Society of anesthesiologist; ‡ER = emergency room.
Prognostic nutrition index assessment
| PNI<45 (n=90) | PNI≥45 (n=411) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complication |
0.281 | |||
| Yes | 247 | 49 (54.5%) | 198 (48.1%) | |
| No | 254 | 41 (45.5%) | 213 (51.9%) | |
| Hospital stay (days) Median (IQR |
13 (9~21) | 20 (12~32) | 12 (9~18) | <0.001 |
*Complication included cases higher than the Clavien-Dindo classification grade II. †IQR = interquartile range.
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of patients
*BMI = body mass index; †ER = emergency room; ‡WBC = white blood cell count; §Hb = hemoglobin level; ∥PLT = platelet count; ¶ASA = American Society of anesthesiologist; **Others operations were segmentectomy, open biopsy, bypass surgery, total pancreatectomy, enucleation, central pancreatectomy, hepato-pancreaticoduodenectomy, liver cyst unroofing, pseudocyst excision.
Table 2
Clinical characteristics of patients according to the BMI* group
*BMI = body mass index; †ASA = American Society of anesthesiologist; ‡ER = emergency room, §IQR = interquartile range.
Table 3
Correlation with BMI* group and clinical characteristics of patients
*BMI = body mass index; †ASA = American Society of anesthesiologist; ‡ER = emergency room.
Table 4
Prognostic nutrition index assessment
*Complication included cases higher than the Clavien-Dindo classification grade II. †IQR = interquartile range.
