Annals of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism

Perioperative nutritional practices and attitudes among gastrointestinal oncologic surgeons in Korea: a nation-wide survey study: Dae Hoon Kim, Jeong-Meen Seo, Min-Gew Choi; Ann Clin Nutr Metab 2023;15(3):81-87. Published online December 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/ACNM.2023.15.3.81

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the current perioperative nutritional practices and attitudes among gastrointestinal (GI) oncologic surgeons in Korea. Evidence-based perioperative nutritional practices are not well-established in this field.
Methods: A nationwide survey was conducted with 24 items, targeting GI oncologic surgical faculty members from March 2022 to April 2022 through social networking service messaging and email. Whole target number was 3,421.
Results: Out of responding 161 GI surgeons, 83.9% were male and 16.1% were female, and about 49.7% were in their 40s. When asked about their hospital policies, 67.1% reported the existence of formal nutritional screening programs. However, the execution and analysis of these programs varied considerably. Most surgeons conducted preoperative nutritional screening, with albumin testing the most frequently performed. In addition, nutritional supplementation—primarily protein drinks—was given before surgery. The duration for which these supplements were used varied from ≤3 days to 4–7 days. Most respondents recognized the importance of addressing nutritional deficiencies in patients with GI tumors; however, when asked about immunonutrition, 89.4% of surgeons admitted having limited knowledge.
Conclusion: Although there is recognition of the importance of evidence-based nutrition practices in GI and oncologic surgery programs, this study reveals limited implementation of such practices. This study highlights a considerable opportunity to leverage existing positive surgeon beliefs and published data on the benefits of perioperative nutrition to enhance surgical nutrition practices and to improve patient outcomes in Korea.

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Vitamin D Deficiency is Prevalent in Short Bowel Syndrome Patients on Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition Support: SungHyo An, Sanghoon Lee, Hyun-Jung Kim, Hyo Jung Park, Jeong-Meen Seo; J Clin Nutr 2021;13(1):12-16. Published online June 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/jcn.2021.13.1.12

Abstract PDF: Purpose: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the most common etiology for intestinal failure (IF) and these patients are at high risk of developing micronutrient deficiencies. This study aimed at assessing the level of vitamins in adult SBS patients at different stages of their disease before the initiation of multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation.
Methods: Patient data from November 2015 to March 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Adult patients who underwent extensive bowel resection and were classified as SBS-IF were selected. Clinical data including age, sex, etiology of IF, biochemical data, nutritional status, nutrition support, and outcome of intestinal rehabilitation were analyzed.
Results: Nine patients with SBS-IF were included in the analysis. There were 6 male patients and 3 female patients, with a median age of 55.0 years. Vitamin levels were analyzed at 306 days (median) after the development of SBS. At the time of vitamin levels screening, 4 patients were receiving daily intravenous vitamin supplementation. Five patients were not receiving vitamin supplementations, either intravenously or orally. Vitamin B12 was within the normal range in 6 patients and higher than normal in 3 patients. Vitamin D was within the normal range in 3 patients and lower than normal in 6 patients. Vitamin E was within the normal range in 7 patients and higher than normal in 2 patients. Folate was within the normal range in 8 patients (not checked in 1 patient). Ambulatory patients had significantly higher vitamin D levels compared to hospitalized patients (P=0.015).
Conclusion: Vitamin D levels had decreased in 67% of patients with SBS in Korea, while vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin E deficiencies were rarely seen.

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Nutritional Support Team Approach Decreases the In-Hospital Mortality Rate after Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation: Sang-Oh Yun, Jong Man Kim, Sangjin Kim, Jinsoo Rhu, Hyun Jung Kim, Soo Hyun Park, Hyo Jung Park, Eunmi Gil, Wonseok Kang, Gyu-Seong Choi, Won Hyuck Chang, Jeong-Meen Seo, Jae-Won Joh; Surg Metab Nutr 2020;11(1):7-11. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.18858/smn.2020.11.1.7

Abstract PDF: Purpose: This study compared the mortality rates between a period of time without employing a nutritional support team (NST) and a period of time with an NST.
Materials and Methods: Forty-six patients underwent adult deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) in 2016, and their medical records were prospectively collected. All the donor recipients underwent routine enteral feeding after liver transplantation. An NST cared for twenty-one patients after September 2016. The NST consisted of transplant surgeons, hepatologists, a critical care team, a rehabilitation team, dietitians, pharmacists, and nurses. We defined the patients within the time period without an NST as the control group and those patients within the time period with an NST as the case group.
Results: There were no statistically significant differences in baseline or perioperative characteristics between the two groups. The median model for the end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 36 (range: 21∼40) for the control group and 36 (range: 23∼40) for the case group (P=0.596). The 30-day mortality rate was 24.0% (6/25) for the control group, but it was 4.8% (1/20) for the case group. The patient survival rates at 1-year and 2-year were 68.0% and 64.0% in the control group and 85.7% and 81.0% in the case group, respectively. However, there were no statistically significant differences of the 30-day mortality rate and 1∼2 year patient survival rate between the two groups.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that an NST should be required to prevent 30-day mortality and increase patient survival of adult DDLT patients with a high MELD score.

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Review of Worldwide Regulations and Management Systems for Medical Foods: Hyojung Lim, Jeong-Meen Seo; J Clin Nutr 2019;11(1):5-11. Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/jcn.2019.11.1.5

Abstract PDF: Enteral nutrition (EN) formulas are foods that are used to improve the nutritional status of patients and these foods’ safety and quality must be ensured. Therefore, EN formulas in other countries are managed differently from that of general foods. We investigated the direction of development of the relevant laws regulations and guidelines pertaining to EN formulas and we compared these laws regulations and guidelines from different countries, including Korea. The United States and Europe manage EN formulas as foods, but they are managed differently compared to general foods because of separate laws or programs pertaining to EN foods. In addition, the use of the formulas does not necessarily require a prescription, but when used by prescription, then medical insurance covers them. In Japan, there are two types of EN formulas, food and drug, and there are differences for their management and insurance coverage. In the case of Korea, EN formulas are classified as food and drug, and different management and insurance are applied in each case, which inhibits their systematic management and industrial development. Integration of a management system and establishment of a legal foundation is necessary for the systematic management and development of EN formula in Korea.

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Multidisciplinary Intestinal Rehabilitation for Short Bowel Syndrome in Adults: Results in a Korean Intestinal Rehabilitation Team: Sojeong Yoon, Sanghoon Lee, Hyo Jung Park, Hyun-Jung Kim, Jihye Yoon, Ja-Kyung Min, Jeong-Meen Seo; J Clin Nutr 2018;10(2):45-50. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/jcn.2018.10.2.45

Abstract PDF: Purpose:
Intense multidisciplinary team effort is required for the intestinal rehabilitation of patients afflicted with the short bowel syndrome (SBS). These include enteral and parenteral nutrition (PN) support, monitoring of complications related to treatment, and considering further medical or surgical options for intestinal adaptation.
Methods:
In the Intestinal Rehabilitation Team (IRT) at the Samsung Medical Center, we have experienced 20 cases of adult SBS requiring multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation. This study is a retrospective review of the collected medical records.
Results:
Of the 20 subjects treated, 12 patients were male and 8 patients were female. At the time of referral to the IRT, the mean age was 51.5 years, and the mean body weight was 50.1 kg, which was 90% of the usual body weight. The diseases or operative managements preceding massive bowel resection were malignancy in 11 cases, cardiac surgery in 2 cases, trauma in 2 cases and one case, each of tuberculosis, corrosive esophagitis, atrial fibrillation, simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation, and perforated appendicitis. Of these, there were 14 survivals and 6 mortalities. The fatalities were attributed to progression of disease, intestinal failure-associated liver disease, and sepsis (unrelated to intestinal failure) (2 cases each). Among the 14 surviving patients, 8 patients have been weaned off PN, whereas 6 are still dependent on PN (mean PN dependence 36%).
Conclusion:
This paper reports the results of multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation of adult short bowel patients treated at the Samsung Medical Center. Further studies are required to improve survival and enteral tolerance of these patients.

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Early Experience with Serial Transverse Enteroplasty in a Korean Intestinal Rehabilitation Team: Jiyoon Hong, Sang Oh Yun, Sanghoon Lee, Hyun-Jung Kim, Hyo Jung Park, Jeong-Meen Seo; Surg Metab Nutr 2018;9(1):11-15. Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.18858/smn.2018.9.1.11

Abstract PDF: Purpose:

For patients with short bowel syndrome, surgery can play an important role in the management of intestinal failure (IF). Serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) has become a popular choice of bowel lengthening among surgeons for its safety and effectiveness in improving enteral autonomy. In this study, we report 5 cases of STEP procedure on 4 patients.

Materials and Methods:

In the Intestinal Rehabilitation Team at Samsung Medical Center, all patients were managed by a multidisciplinary team specialized in the care of intestinal failure patients. Retrospective review of medical records was performed.

Results:

3 patients were children and 1 patient was an adult. Improvement in enteral autonomy was achieved in all patients following each STEP procedure. Suspected suture line leakage was seen in one patient, which was successfully managed by conservative treatment There were no other serious complications related to the procedures.

Conclusion:

STEP procedure continues to be an important management option in intestinal rehabilitation of patients with extreme short bowel. We report a small series of STEP performed safely and effectively in Korea.

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Evaluation of Postoperative Nutrition Support with Commercial Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition after an Ivor-Lewis Esophagectomy in Patients with Esophageal Cancer: Sun-woo Lee, Na-ri Lim, Hyo Jung Park, Yong-won In, Jeong-meen Seo, Young-mee Lee; J Clin Nutr 2015;7(3):87-92. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15747/jcn.2015.7.3.87

Abstract PDF: Purpose:
Deteriorated nutritional status is common during a hospital stay for esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer. Malnutrition in those patients is often marked compared with other gastrointestinal cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the appropriateness of commercial peripheral parenteral nutrition (CPPN) use in patients who underwent Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (I-L op).
Methods:
Patients who were provided with CPPN after I-L op were enrolled in this study from January to May 2015. Body weight, height, nutritional status, length of hospital stay, duration of CPPN therapy, and parenteral nutrition (PN) induced complications were assessed, respectively, using electronic medical records.
Results:
Thirty-nine patients were enrolled. Average age was 65.9 years and 36 patients were male. All patients were provided with the same CPPN. The duration of fasting and CPPN use was 5.8±1.4 days and 7.5±1.8 days, respectively. Calorie supported by CPPN was 22.6±3.5 kcal/kg/day and only 20.5% of patients (n=8) reached the daily target calories. Most frequent PN induced complication was phlebitis which occurred in 8 patients (20.5%). Calcium, magnesium, and transthyretin levels in serum were not monitored during the PN support period.
Conclusion:
The indications for CPPN were appropriate because the fasting duration in patients with I-L op was 5 to 10 days. Although a large portion of patients could not be supplied daily target calories, their nutrition status was not significantly changed on admission and at discharge. We did not find it necessary to individualize PN support for a short period after an I-L op in patients with esophageal cancer. Further study will be needed to determine why the incidence of phlebitis was dominant.

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Intestinal Rehabilitation after Extensive Bowel Resection in Post-Gastrectomy Patients: Seung Rim Han, Sanghoon Lee, Chae-Youn Oh, Hyun-Jung Kim, Hyo Jung Park, Jun Ho Lee, Tae Sung Sohn, Jae Moon Bae, Jeong-Meen Seo; Surg Metab Nutr 2015;6(2):33-37. Published online December 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.18858/smn.2015.6.2.33

Abstract PDF: Purpose:
Surgical complications requiring massive bowel resection after gastrectomy are rare. However, when such an event occurs the patient may develop short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. We report our experience of intestinal rehabilitation in four post-gastrectomy patients.
Materials and Methods:
From January 2011 to June 2014, four cases of short bowel syndrome were identified in post-gastrectomy patients. All patients were managed by a multidisciplinary team specialized in the care of intestinal failure patients. Patients’ medical records were reviewed retrospectively.
Results:
The original diagnosis was early gastric cancer in all patients. One patient had synchronous esophageal cancer. Patients required extensive bowel resection due to bowel strangulation from internal herniation (3 cases), superior mesenteric artery torsion (1 case). Remnant small bowel length ranged from 10 cm to 80 cm and partial resection of the colon was performed in three cases. One patient received serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) and one patient is receiving continuous enteral feeding via surgical gastrostomy. There were no cases of intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Two patients are receiving home parenteral nutrition in varying degrees. Two patients have been weaned off parenteral nutrition.
Conclusion:
Four post-gastrectomy patients with short bowel syndrome were managed. Despite application of various medical and surgical measures, weaning off parenteral nutrition was difficult in these patients.

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